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For the first time, astronomers have mapped the vertical structure of Uranus’ ionosphere, uncovering unexpected temperature peaks, weakened ion densities, and puzzling dark regions shaped by the planet’s extreme magnetic field. The results, made possible by nearly a full day of observations with the NIRSpec instrument onboard the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, confirm that Uranus’ upper atmosphere has been cooling for decades and offer a rare glimpse into how the ice giant interacts with space in ways unlike any other world in the Solar System.Tie rods et al. mapped the vertical structure of Uranus’ upper atmosphere, uncovering how temperature and charged particles vary with height across the planet. Image credit: NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / STScI / P. Tiranti / H. Melin / M. Zamani, ESA & Webb.The upper atmosphere of...